Human+nature

A type of human behavior for which there is a strong genetic predisposition can be considered to be part of human nature. In other words, human nature is not seen as something that //forces// individuals to behave in a certain way, but as something that makes individuals more inclined to act in a certain way than in another. []

Human Universals... compiled by Donald E. Brown
..as published in //The Blank Slate// by Steven Pinker, 2002, New York: Viking Press also see Brown, D.E., 2000. //Human universals and their implications.// In N. Roughley (Ed.) //Being humans: Anthropological universality and particularity in transdisplinary perspectives.// New York: Walter de Gruyter. || **males, on average, travel greater distances over lifetime** **manipulate social relations** **marking at phonemic, syntactic, and lexical levels** **marriage** **materialism** **meal times** **mearning, most units of are non-universal** **measuring** **medicine** **melody** **memory** **mental maps** **mentalese** **metaphor** **metonym** **mood- or consciousness-altering techniques and/or substances** **moral sentiments** **moral sentiments, limited effective range of** **morphemes** **mother normally has consort during child-rearing years** **mourning** **murder proscribed** **music** **music, children's** **music related in part to dance** **music related in part to religious activity** **music seen as art (a creation)** **music, vocal** **music, vocal, includes speech forms** **musical redundancy** **musical reptition** **musical variation** **myths** **narrative** **nomenclature (perhaps the same as classification)** **nonbodily decorative art** **normal distinguished from abnormal states** **nouns** **numerals (counting)** **Oedipus complex** **oligarchy (de facto)** **one (numeral)** **onomatopoeia** **overestimating objectivity of thought** **pain** **past/present/future** **person, concept of** **personal names** **phonemes** **phonemes defined by set of minimally constrasting features** **phonemes, merging of** **phonemes, range from 10 to 70 in number** **phonemic change, inevitability of** **phonemic change, rules of** **phonemic system** **planning** **planning for future** **play** **play to perfect skills** **poetry/rhetoric** **poetic line, uniform length range** **poetic lines characterized by repetition and variation** **poetic lines demarcated by pauses** **polysemy (one word has several meanings)** **possessive, intimate** **possessive, loose** **practice to improve skills** **precedence, concept of (that's how the leopard got its spots)** **preference for own children and close kin (nepotism)** **prestige inequalities** **pretend play** **pride** **private inner life** **promise** **pronouns** **pronouns, minimum two numbers** **pronouns, minimum three persons** **proper names** **property** **proverbs, sayings** **proverbs, sayings - in mutually contradictory forms** **psychological defense mechanisms** **rape** **rape proscribed** **reciprocal exchanges (0f labor, goods, or services)** **reciprocity, negative (revenge, retaliation)** **regocnition of individuals by face** **redress of wrongs** **resistance to abuse of poser, to dominance** **rhythm** **right-handedness as population norm** **risk-taking** **rites of passage** **rituals** **role and personality seen in dynamic interrlationship (i.e., departures from role can be explained in terms of individual personality)** **sanctions** **sanctions fro crimes against the collectivity** **sanctions include removal from the social unit** **self-control** **self distinguished from other** **self as neither wholly passive nor wholly autonomous** **self as subject and object** **self-image, awareness of (concern for what others think)** **self-image, manipulation of** **self-image, wanted to be positive** **self is responsible** **semantics** **semantic category of affecting things and people** **semantic category of dimension** **semantic category of giving** **semantic category of location** **semantic category of motion** **semantic category of other physical properties** **semantic components** **semantic components, generation** **semantic components, sex** **sememes, commonly used ones are short, infrequently used ones are longer** **senses unified** **sex differences in spatial cognition and behavior** **sex (gender) terminology is fundamentally binary** **sex statuses** **sexual attraction** **sexual attractiveness** **sexual jealousy** **sexual modesty** **sexual regulation** **sexual regulation includes incest prevention** **sexuality as focus of interest** **shame** **shelter** **sickness and death seen as related** **snakes, wariness around** **social structure** **socialization** **socialization expected from senior kin** **socialization includes toilet training** **spear** **special speech for special occasions** **statuses and roles** **statuses, ascribed and achieved** **statuses distinguished from individuals** **statuses on other than sex, age, or kinship bases** **stinginess, disapproval of** **stop/nonstop contrasts (in speech sounds)** **succession** **sucking wounds** **sweets preferred** **symbolism** **symbolic speech** **synesthetic metaphors** **synonyms** **taboos** **tabooed foods** **tabooed utterances** **taxonomy** **territoriality** **thumb sucking** **tickling** **time** **time, cyclicity of** **tools** **tool dependency** **tool making** **tools for cutting** **tools to make tools** **tools patterned culturally** **tools, permament** **tools for pounding** **toys, playthings** **trade** **triangular awareness (assessing relationships among the self and two other people)** **true and false distinguished** **turn-taking** **two (numeral)** **tying material (i.e., something like string)** **units of time** **verbs** **violence, some forms of proscribed** **visiting** **vocalic/nonvocalic contrasts in phonemes** **vowel contrasts** **weaning** **weapons** **weather control (attempts to)** **white (color term)** **world view** ||
 * Brown, D.E. 1991. //Human universals//. New York: McGraw-Hill**
 * **abstraction in speech & thought**
 * actions under self-control distinguished from those not under control**
 * aesthetics**
 * affection expressed and felt**
 * age grades**
 * age statuses**
 * age terms**
 * ambivalence**
 * anthropomorphization**
 * anticipation**
 * antonyms**
 * attachment**
 * baby talk**
 * belief in supernatural/religion**
 * beliefs, false**
 * beliefs about death**
 * beliefs about disease**
 * beliefs about fortune and misfortune**
 * binary cognitive distinctions**
 * biological mother and social mother normally the same person**
 * black (color term)**
 * body adornment**
 * childbirth customs**
 * childcare**
 * childhood fears**
 * childhood fear of loud noises**
 * childhood fear of strangers**
 * choice making (choosing alternatives)**
 * classification**
 * classification of age**
 * classification of behavioral propensities**
 * classification of body parts**
 * classification of colors**
 * classification of fauna**
 * classification of flora**
 * classification of inner states**
 * classification of kin**
 * classification of sex**
 * classification of space**
 * classification of tools**
 * classification of weather conditions**
 * coalitions**
 * collective identities**
 * conflict**
 * conflict, consultation to deal with**
 * conflict, means of dealing with**
 * conflict, mediation of**
 * conjectural reasoning**
 * containers**
 * continua (ordering as cognitive pattern)**
 * contrasting marked and nonmarked sememes (meaningful elements in language)**
 * cooking**
 * cooperation**
 * cooperative labor**
 * copulation normally conducted in privacy**
 * corporate (perpetual) statuses**
 * coyness display**
 * critical learning periods**
 * crying**
 * cultural variability**
 * culture**
 * culture/nature distinction**
 * customary greetings**
 * daily routines**
 * dance**
 * death rituals**
 * decision making**
 * decision making, collective**
 * differential valuations**
 * directions, giving of**
 * discrepancies between speech, thought, and action**
 * dispersed groups**
 * distinguishing right and wrong**
 * diurnality**
 * divination**
 * division of labor**
 * division of labor by age**
 * division of labor by sex**
 * dominance/submission**
 * dreams**
 * dream interpretation**
 * economic inequalities**
 * economic inequalities, consciousness of**
 * emotions**
 * empathy**
 * entification (treating patterns and relations as things)**
 * environment, adjustments to**
 * envy**
 * envy, symbolic means of coping with**
 * ethnocentrism**
 * etiquette**
 * explanation**
 * face (word for)**
 * facial communication**
 * facial expression of anger**
 * facial expression of contempt**
 * facial expression of disgust**
 * facial expression of fear**
 * facial expression of happiness**
 * facial expression of surprise**
 * facial expressions, masking/modifying of**
 * fairness (equity), concept of**
 * family (or household)**
 * father and mother, separate kin terms for**
 * fears**
 * fear of death**
 * fears, ability to overcome some**
 * feasting**
 * females do more direct childcare**
 * figurative speech**
 * fire**
 * folklore**
 * food preferences**
 * food sharing**
 * future, attempts to predict**
 * generosity admired**
 * gestures**
 * gift giving**
 * good and bad distinguished**
 * gossip**
 * government**
 * grammar**
 * group living**
 * groups that are not based on family**
 * habituation**
 * hairstyles**
 * hand (word for)**
 * healing the sick (or attempting to)**
 * hope**
 * hospitality**
 * husband older than wife on average**
 * hygienic care**
 * identity, collective**
 * imagery**
 * incest between mother and son unthinkable or tabooed**
 * incest, prevention or avoidance**
 * in-group distinguished from out-group(s)**
 * in-group biases in favor of**
 * inheritance rules**
 * institutions (organized co-activities)**
 * insulting**
 * intention**
 * interest in bioforms (living things or things that resemble them)**
 * interpolation**
 * interpreting behavior**
 * intertwining (e.g., weaving)**
 * jokes**
 * judging others**
 * kin, close distinguished from distant**
 * kin groups**
 * kin terms translatable by basic relations of procreation**
 * kinship statuses**
 * language**
 * language employed to manipulate others**
 * language employed to misinform or mislead**
 * language is translatable**
 * language not a simple reflection of reality**
 * language, prestige from proficient use of**
 * law (rights and obligations)**
 * law (rules of membership)**
 * leaders**
 * lever**
 * likes and dislikes**
 * linguistic redundancy**
 * logical notions**
 * logical notion of "and"**
 * logical notion of "equivalent"**
 * logical notion of "general/particular"**
 * logical notion of "not"**
 * logical notion of "opposite"**
 * logical notion of "part/whole"**
 * logical notion of "same"**
 * magic**
 * magic to increase life**
 * magic to sustain life**
 * magic to win love**
 * making comparisons**
 * male and female and adult and child seen as having different natures**
 * males dominate public/political realm**
 * males engage in more coalitional violence**
 * males more aggressive**
 * males more prone to lethal violence**
 * males more prone to theft**